по
preposition
on; along; used broadly to indicate action, typically involving movement, across a surface or across several things in a generally flat plane; across, on, along, down, up, all over, (all) around:
(после)
DAT
something
PREP
something
DAT
путеше́ствовать по стране́
journey through a country
он путеше́ствовал по всей стране́
he has travelled all over the country
по оконча́нии
on the termination
по рассмотре́нии
on examination
Они́ путеше́ствовали по Евро́пе.
They travelled around Europe.
Они́ путеше́ствовали по ра́зным города́м.
They travelled around different cities.
by; according to
DAT
something
по приказа́нию
by order
жить по сре́дствам
live within one's means
по положе́нию
according to the regulations; in accordance with one's position; ex officio official
по происхожде́нию
by descent
он армяни́н по происхожде́нию
he is of Armenian origin
by; through
DAT
something
по невнима́тельности, рассе́янности
through carelessness, absent-mindedness
по обя́занности
according to duty; as in duty bound
in, at, on
DAT
something
to; up to
ACC
something
used to indicate the object/field/topic that something applies to; for, on, about, in, of
(or translated with an attributive noun followed by a noun)
DAT
Министе́рство по чрезвыча́йным ситуа́циям (МЧС)
The Ministry of Emergency Situations (MChS)
руково́дство по шитью́
sewing guide / guide to/for/on sewing
рекоменда́ции по устране́нию угро́з
recommendations to eliminate threats / recommendations for/on eliminating threats
used to indicate accordance with, adherence to or judgement based on something; according to, from, by
согла́сно
partial
DAT
су́дя по его́ поведе́нию
judging from his behaviour
по пла́ну
according to plan
де́йствовать по пра́вилам
to act according to / in accordance/line with the rules
used to indicate the reason for something, typically undesired/undesirable (see usage notes on из-за); due to, on account of, out of, from, by
DAT
on, in (the), every
DAT
time of day or day of week in plural
по четверга́м
(on) Thursdays / every Thursday
по вечера́м
evenings / every evening
used with numbers when there is distribution among multiple objects or repetition across multiple instances in time
(dative case is used with the numbers one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion etc. and numbers ending in these words; inanimate accusative case is used with numbers other than one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion etc. or numbers ending in these words)
DAT
ACC
Used to indicate something serving as the boundary of the extent of some action.
literary
official
Used to indicate a temporal or spatial boundary; (immediately) after, upon, on
по́сле
partial
PREP
по истече́нии полуго́да
after six months
to the liking of
по нём
to his liking
used to indicate an object of rumination, yearning, mourning; over, for
PREP
/
DAT
used in the following idiomatic expressions
(в разделительном знач.)
ACC
DAT
/
ACC